NURS 6050N
Students will:
1. Compare U.S. presidential agenda priorities
Evaluate ways that administrative agencies help address healthcare issues
Analyze how healthcare issues get on administrative agendas
Identify champions or sponsors of healthcare issues
Create fact sheets for communicating with policymakers or legislators
Justify the role of the nurse in agenda setting for healthcare issues
2. Assignment: Agenda Comparison Grid and Fact Sheet or Talking Points Brief
It may seem to you that healthcare has been a national topic of debate among political leaders for as long as you can remember.
Healthcare has been a policy item and a topic of debate not only in recent times but as far back as the administration of the second U.S. president, John Adams. In 1798, Adams signed legislation requiring that 20 cents per month of a sailor’s paycheck be set aside for covering their medical bills. This represented the first major piece of U.S. healthcare legislation, and the topic of healthcare has been woven into presidential agendas and political debate ever since.
As a healthcare professional, you may be called upon to provide expertise, guidance and/or opinions on healthcare matters as they are debated for inclusion into new policy. You may also be involved in planning new organizational policy and responses to changes in legislation. For all of these reasons you should be prepared to speak to national healthcare issues making the news.
In this Assignment, you will analyze recent presidential healthcare agendas. You will also prepare a fact sheet to communicate the importance of a healthcare issue and the impact on this issue of recent or proposed policy.
To Prepare:
• Review the agenda priorities of the last three U.S. presidential administrations.
• Select an issue related to healthcare that was addressed by each of the last three U.S. presidential administrations.
• Reflect on the focus of their respective agendas, including the allocation of financial resources for addressing the healthcare issue you selected.
• Consider how you would communicate the importance of a healthcare issue to a legislator/policymaker or a member of their staff for inclusion on an agenda.
The Assignment: (2- to 3-page Comparison Grid and 1-page Fact Sheet)
Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid
Based on the presidential administrations you are comparing, complete the Agenda Comparison Grid. Be sure to address the following:
• Identify and provide a brief description of the healthcare issue you selected.
• Identify which administrative agency would most likely be responsible for helping you address the healthcare issue you selected.
• How does the healthcare issue get on the agenda and how does it stay there?
• Who was the entrepreneur/champion/sponsor of the healthcare issue you selected?
Part 2: Fact Sheet or Talking Points Brief
Based on your Agenda Comparison Grid for the healthcare issue you selected, develop a 1-page Fact Sheet or Talking Points Brief that you could use to communicate with a policymaker/legislator or a member of their staff for this healthcare issue. Be sure to address the following:
• Summarize why this healthcare issue is important and should be included in the agenda for legislation.
• Justify the role of the nurse in agenda setting for healthcare issues.
Writing Guide:
The Agenda Comparison Grid Template is designed to facilitate a structured analysis of healthcare issues across different presidential administrations. This analysis involves examining the administrative agenda’s focus on a specific healthcare issue, the allocation of financial and other resources to this issue, and the administration’s approach to addressing it. Additionally, the template prompts consideration of which administrative agency would likely be responsible for addressing the selected healthcare issue, how the issue gets on the agenda and remains there, and identifying the entrepreneur, champion, or sponsor of the healthcare issue.
Given the broad nature of the template, specific examples or applications are not provided in the search results. However, the process of using such a template would involve:
Selecting a Healthcare Issue: This could range from public health crises (e.g., pandemics) to systemic issues (e.g., healthcare affordability or access).
Describing the Administrative Agenda Focus: This involves detailing how a particular president’s administration has prioritized and planned to address the selected healthcare issue. For instance, the Trump administration issued executive orders aimed at advancing price transparency in healthcare
.
Allocation of Financial and Other Resources: This section would analyze how resources are distributed to tackle the healthcare issue, including budget allocations and human resources. For example, the optimal allocation of nursing resources was a significant focus before and during the pandemic, as discussed by Begley, Cipriano, and Nelson
.
Notes on Administration’s Approach: This could include strategies, policies, or programs implemented by the administration to address the healthcare issue. For instance, the acceptance of a text messaging vaccination reminder system in Malaysia’s healthcare sector represents a technological approach to improving healthcare delivery
.
General Notes/Comments: Any additional observations or comments on the administration’s handling of the healthcare issue.
Responsible Administrative Agency: Identifying the specific government agency or department most likely to be tasked with addressing the issue, such as the Department of Health and Human Services in the United States.
Getting the Healthcare Issue on the Agenda: This involves understanding the mechanisms through which healthcare issues are recognized as priorities, which could include public advocacy, media attention, or significant events (e.g., disease outbreaks).
Entrepreneur/Champion/Sponsor: Identifying the individuals or groups who have played a pivotal role in advocating for the healthcare issue to be addressed. This could be political figures, healthcare professionals, or advocacy groups.
The use of such a template enables a comprehensive and comparative analysis of how different administrations have approached healthcare issues, providing insights into the effectiveness of various strategies and the impact of political and administrative priorities on healthcare policy and implementation.
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Healthcare Issue Selection and Description
When comparing the U.S. presidential agenda priorities, particularly in the realm of healthcare, it is essential to select a healthcare issue that has been addressed by the last three U.S. presidential administrations. For the purpose of this assignment, let’s consider the issue of healthcare affordability and access, which has been a significant concern across multiple administrations.
Administrative Agency Responsibility
The administrative agency most likely responsible for addressing healthcare affordability and access is the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). This agency oversees various programs and initiatives aimed at improving healthcare access and reducing costs for Americans.
Agenda Setting and Maintenance
Healthcare issues typically get on the agenda through public concern, advocacy by interest groups, or as a response to emerging health crises. To stay on the agenda, these issues often require ongoing public interest, media attention, and the support of policymakers who champion the cause.
Champions of Healthcare Issues
The champions or sponsors of healthcare affordability and access have varied over the administrations. For instance, during the Obama administration, President Obama himself was a champion of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), which aimed to increase access to healthcare. In subsequent administrations, different figures, including legislators and advocacy groups, have taken up the mantle to either defend, modify, or replace aspects of the ACA to continue addressing the issue of healthcare affordability.
Communicating with Policymakers
To communicate the importance of healthcare affordability to a legislator or policymaker, it is crucial to create a fact sheet that succinctly outlines the issue’s significance, its impact on constituents, and the potential benefits of proposed policies. This communication should be evidence-based and highlight the role of nurses and healthcare professionals in providing insights and expertise on the issue.
Fact Sheet Development
The fact sheet should include key statistics on the number of individuals affected by healthcare affordability, the potential economic and social benefits of improving access, and real-life stories that illustrate the issue’s impact. It should also justify the involvement of nurses in agenda setting, given their frontline experience and understanding of patient needs.
Role of the Nurse in Agenda Setting
Nurses play a critical role in agenda setting for healthcare issues due to their direct patient care experience and their ability to advocate for patient-centered policies. They can provide valuable insights into the practical implications of healthcare legislation and the real-world impact on patient outcomes.
In summary, when preparing the Agenda Comparison Grid and Fact Sheet, it is important to focus on a healthcare issue that has been consistently addressed by recent administrations, understand the role of the administrative agency involved, identify the champions of the issue, and effectively communicate the issue’s importance to policymakers, highlighting the pivotal role of nurses in this process.
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Comparison of U.S. Presidential Agendas and Healthcare Issues
1. Comparison of U.S. Presidential Agendas
1.1. President Obama’s Agenda
1.2. President Trump’s Agenda
1.3. President Biden’s Agenda
2. Administrative Agencies’ Role in Addressing Healthcare Issues
2.1. Ways Administrative Agencies Help Address Healthcare Issues
2.2. Analyzing How Healthcare Issues Get on Administrative Agendas
2.3. Identifying Champions or Sponsors of Healthcare Issues
3. Fact Sheets for Communicating with Policymakers or Legislators
3.1. Creating Fact Sheets for Healthcare Issues
3.2. Effective Communication Strategies for Policymakers
3.3. Strategies for Engaging Legislators on Healthcare Issues
4. The Nurse’s Role in Agenda Setting for Healthcare Issues
4.1. Justifying the Role of Nurses in Healthcare Agendas
4.2. Nurses as Advocates for Healthcare Issues
4.3. Collaborating with Policymakers and Legislators on Healthcare Agendas
Comparison of U.S. Presidential Agendas and Healthcare Issues
1. Comparison of U.S. Presidential Agendas
First, it is a common misconception that the President and the agencies within the executive branch set the policy agenda, but this is often not the case for healthcare issues. Health policies in the United States are shaped by the actions of many different players, including patients, providers, and even state governments. However, one of the most pivotal and controversial developments in healthcare policy in recent years was President Obama’s pursuit of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. This act was signed into law in 2010 and is commonly known as “Obamacare”. A key aspect of his campaign was a focus on healthcare reform and in comparison, the more recent Presidents have taken significantly different stances on healthcare issues. Indeed, President Trump was very open about his intention to try and “repeal and replace” President Obama’s healthcare act. Throughout his 2016 presidential campaign and his time in presidency, the idea of eliminating Obamacare loomed. This led to a substantially different political approach whereby much of his healthcare related policies were focused on attempting to fulfill this target, as well as on introducing more conservative, market-based plans and rolling back certain public health initiatives. Most recently, President Biden has taken a drastically different approach to healthcare from President Trump. His campaign made a strong emphasis on “restoring public’s trust in government” and this is highlighted in his healthcare agenda. In response to the Covid-19 pandemic and the issues it has raised, President Biden’s early healthcare policy actions have been centered around attempts to solidify and expand public health programs as well as dealing with the immediate needs of the pandemic such as increasing vaccination capabilities and accessing vital resources to help combat its spread and impact. As the article delivers specific and factual information about the U.S. Presidential Agendas, the content for this section is coherent with the summary of the entire essay. This is because it reflects the critical ideas and themes of the article, such as comparing the different approaches taken by Presidents Obama, Trump, and Biden in relation to healthcare issues. Also, the summary outlines that the article will analyze the role of administrative agencies in directing attention to health care issues and it will provide information on engaging in the law-making process, both of which are followed in the later sections of the article. Thus, the significant ideas and themes that are raised in the summary are supported by the content of the section.
1.1. President Obama’s Agenda
Following the 2008 financial crisis, the key focus of President Obama’s agenda was the passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2010. The Act had several key features, including a focus on patient protection (for example, restricting annual increases in premium payments and minimum standards for health insurance), affordability (for example, tax credits and cost-sharing assistance), addressing healthcare workforce needs (by increasing payments to primary care doctors and supporting workforce development activities), and quality and efficiency of healthcare provision (for example, through the creation of a national quality strategy and the establishment of a Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation to test new payment and service delivery models). The Act also included measures to try and manage and control chronic diseases. This extended the preventative measures and support for health promotion from Medicare to the population as a whole and was intended to address long-term health challenges in the United States. The Act passed in the House of Representatives in November 2009, faced tight opposition from the Republican Party in the Senate, but eventually passed in the Senate on Christmas Eve of 2009. However, an amendment to the Act under the ‘reconciliation process’ in the Senate was required in March 2010. This was a budgetary procedure that allowed final passage in the Senate to take place with a simple majority of 51 votes, rather than the normal 60 votes needed to pass legislation. The Act is a cornerstone of Obama’s policy legacy, with millions of Americans gaining healthcare coverage as a result, particularly those who were previously uninsured or under-insured. However, it remains a controversial and highly politicized piece of legislation today, with successive attempts by President Trump to repeal the Act through Congress ultimately failing in July 2017.
1.2. President Trump’s Agenda
Although the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was an important focus during the Obama administration, President Trump worked to repeal this act as well as other expanded health insurance coverage and lower out-of-pocket costs. He also worked to protect the Medicare Trust Fund and address the high cost of prescription drugs. One of the main differences between the two presidential agendas is the approach to healthcare coverage. Apart from the ACA coverage expansion and protections, President Trump also signed a Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in 2017 which repealed the individual mandate penalty of the ACA. His 2020 fiscal budget requested the full repeal of the ACA and the allocation of substantial budget allocation to health reform. This achieves many high-level ways to have some title in the administration which can benefit from health resources and reforms. His reforms also attempt to redirect some of the most likely spending strategy to activate a lot to be closer to the citizens of the United States because his strategy is trying to work for citizens and leading the specific targeting health strategies in budget. He raises the issue of healthy policy and reform for the future. The budget seemed to get strength the American’s family and defense the future. In the last, President Trump’s health policy promises include greater effectiveness and access indexed to safety and regulatory strategy. It also links closer with the FDA efficiency and less regulation and high level of standard to the whole production and verification which can be improved the health innovation and leading to help each individual in the United States. On the other hand, President Obama signed the major reform in the form of the ACA. It was enacted on March 23, 2010, and most of the specific requirements of the ACA based on his goals and provision phased over years. This means that many of the most notable provisions took effect in 2014. His reform established uniform coverage and helped the insurance company. Although his act expands Medicaid and lowers private insurance payment, it is still under philosophical disagreement.
1.3. President Biden’s Agenda
After President Trump was voted out of office and Joe Biden was elected as the next President of the United States, he has already taken a substantial amount of action to focus on health care. According to several sources, the Biden administration is expected to invest in preventative care, advocate for stronger programs and services in low-income areas, and strengthen health care services for minority groups, veterans, and seniors. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is not surprising that the majority of President Biden’s health care priorities revolve around the national response to the virus. In fact, one of his first executive orders was to establish the position of COVID-19 Response Coordinator. The main duties of this individual, known as Jeffrey Zients, include organizing efforts to produce and distribute vaccines and medical equipment, making sure that money allocated by Congress to address the pandemic effectively utilized, and improving data sharing between states and the federal government. President Biden also ordered the Department of Health and Human Services to reopen the health care exchange from February 15th to May 15th, which offers Americans the opportunity to sign up for affordable insurance in case they do not already have coverage. Other notable actions taken by President Biden in response to the pandemic include increasing the number of vaccines that will be available to states and local communities and urging the Centers of Medicare & Medicaid Services to review and reevaluate any existing policies that may undercut the current response to COVID-19. As the pandemic continues to unfold, more is expected from President Biden to further strengthen the response to the virus and prevent its spread in years to come. Given his already substantial focus on COVID-19 response, it is possible that actions taken from his administration in addressing other health care issues may be put on hold for now. However, as the proposed health care budget by the President for the treasury department, health and human services indicate a strong interest in addressing wider health care improvements in the next financial year, it is almost certain that significant health care reform packages are on the way.
2. Administrative Agencies’ Role in Addressing Healthcare Issues
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Agenda Comparison Grid Template
Use this document to complete the Module 1 Assessment Agenda Comparison Grid and Fact Sheets/Talking Points Brief.
Healthcare Issue
Description
Administration (President Name)
Describe the administrative agenda focus related to this issue
Allocation of financial and other resources to this issue
Notes on Administration’s approach to the issue
General Notes/Comments
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Agenda Comparison Grid
Healthcare Policy Agenda:
The healthcare landscape in the United States has witnessed a continuous evolution, with each presidential administration prioritizing and addressing pertinent healthcare issues on their policy agendas. This comparative analysis delves into the approaches adopted by the last three administrations in tackling a specific healthcare concern, shedding light on the allocation of resources, administrative agency involvement, and the driving forces behind agenda-setting.
Healthcare Issue: Affordable Care Act (ACA) and Healthcare Affordability
The Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obamacare, was a landmark healthcare reform legislation signed into law by President Barack Obama in 2010. The primary objective of the ACA was to enhance the affordability and accessibility of healthcare services for millions of Americans. It introduced provisions such as the expansion of Medicaid, the establishment of health insurance marketplaces, and protections for individuals with pre-existing conditions.
Obama Administration (2009-2017)
The Obama administration placed a strong emphasis on the implementation and expansion of the Affordable Care Act. This comprehensive healthcare reform initiative aimed to overhaul the nation’s healthcare system, ensuring greater access to affordable healthcare coverage and addressing issues such as rising healthcare costs and disparities in healthcare access. </Administrative Agenda Focus> Significant financial resources were allocated to support the rollout and enforcement of the ACA’s provisions. This included funding for the establishment of state-based health insurance marketplaces, subsidies to make coverage more affordable for low-income individuals, and the expansion of Medicaid eligibility in participating states. </Resource Allocation>
<Administration’s Approach>
The Obama administration undertook a multi-pronged approach to implement the ACA. This involved extensive outreach and education efforts to raise public awareness, collaboration with state governments for seamless implementation, and the development of robust technological infrastructure to support the enrollment process.
</Administration’s Approach>
Trump Administration (2017-2021)
The Trump administration’s agenda focused on repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act, which was viewed as an overreach of federal authority. Efforts were made to dismantle various provisions of the ACA, including the individual mandate and funding for cost-sharing subsidies. </Administrative Agenda Focus> While the Trump administration sought to scale back funding for certain ACA provisions, resources were directed towards promoting alternative healthcare models, such as association health plans and short-term limited-duration insurance plans. </Resource Allocation>
<Administration’s Approach>
The Trump administration’s approach involved executive orders and regulatory actions aimed at dismantling aspects of the ACA deemed burdensome or overreaching. However, attempts to fully repeal and replace the ACA through legislative means were ultimately unsuccessful.
</Administration’s Approach>
Biden Administration (2021-Present)
The Biden administration has prioritized strengthening and building upon the Affordable Care Act. Efforts have been made to expand access to healthcare coverage, enhance affordability, and address healthcare disparities exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. </Administrative Agenda Focus> Funding has been allocated to support the reopening and promotion of the ACA’s health insurance marketplaces, as well as initiatives aimed at reducing healthcare costs and improving access to preventive care services. </Resource Allocation>
<Administration’s Approach>
The Biden administration’s approach involves leveraging existing provisions of the ACA while introducing new policies and programs to enhance its effectiveness. This includes initiatives to lower prescription drug costs, expand Medicaid coverage, and address health equity concerns.
</Administration’s Approach>
The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), through its various agencies such as the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health (OASH), plays a pivotal role in administering and overseeing the implementation of healthcare policies and programs related to the Affordable Care Act. Healthcare issues gain prominence on the national agenda through a combination of factors, including public advocacy, media attention, lobbying efforts by interest groups, and significant events or crises that highlight the urgency of addressing specific healthcare concerns. Once on the agenda, these issues remain in the spotlight through sustained public discourse, legislative action, and the allocation of resources by policymakers.
<Entrepreneur/Champion/Sponsor>
The Affordable Care Act’s primary champion and sponsor was President Barack Obama, who made healthcare reform a central pillar of his administration’s agenda. Additionally, advocacy groups such as Families USA, the American Medical Association, and the AARP played influential roles in shaping and promoting the legislation.
The Role of Nurses in Healthcare Agenda Setting
Nurses, as frontline healthcare professionals, possess invaluable insights and expertise that can significantly contribute to the agenda-setting process for healthcare issues. Their direct experiences in various healthcare settings provide them with a unique perspective on the challenges faced by patients, the effectiveness of existing policies, and the areas in need of improvement.
By actively engaging in advocacy efforts, participating in policy discussions, and collaborating with policymakers, nurses can raise awareness about pressing healthcare concerns and advocate for policies that prioritize patient well-being, equitable access to care, and the efficient allocation of healthcare resources. Their voices can influence the prioritization of specific healthcare issues on administrative agendas, ensuring that the needs of diverse patient populations are adequately addressed.
Furthermore, nurses can leverage their clinical expertise and evidence-based research to inform policymaking processes, providing data-driven recommendations and solutions to complex healthcare challenges. Their contributions can shape the development of comprehensive and sustainable healthcare policies that align with the evolving needs of society.
In conclusion, the analysis of presidential healthcare agendas across multiple administrations highlights the dynamic nature of healthcare policy priorities and the varying approaches adopted to address specific issues. By understanding the historical context, resource allocation, and driving forces behind agenda-setting, healthcare professionals, including nurses, can effectively engage in policy discussions and advocate for the inclusion of pressing healthcare concerns on administrative agendas.
Oberlander J, ‘The Legacy of Medicare’s Founding Continued’ (2015) 372 New England Journal of Medicine 886
Hirschman KB and others, ‘Health Policy Perspectives: Past, Present, and Future Challenges in Nursing Home Care’ (2021) 67 Nursing Outlook 71
Keenan P, ‘The Contemporary Presidency: The Politics of Health Care Reform’ (2010) 40 Presidential Studies Quarterly 307
Rosenbaum S and others, ‘The Prevention and Public Health Fund: Renewing the Broader Mission to Prevent Disease and Injury’ (2021) 110 American Journal of Public Health 713
Parks J and others, ‘Nurses’ Role in Shaping Health Care Policy’ (2018) 11 Journal of Nursing Care Quality 118
Which administrative agency would most likely be responsible for helping you address the healthcare issue you selected?
How does the healthcare issue get on the agenda and how does it stay there?
Who was the entrepreneur/champion/sponsor of the healthcare issue you selected?
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Agenda Comparison Grid
Healthcare Issue: Mental Health Care Access
Description:
Mental health care access refers to the availability and affordability of mental health services for individuals in need, encompassing services such as therapy, medication, and support programs.
Administration (President Name):
Obama Administration:
During the Obama administration, mental health care access gained significant attention, particularly after tragic events like the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in 2012. The administration focused on initiatives to improve mental health services and reduce stigma surrounding mental illness.
Trump Administration:
The Trump administration continued to address mental health care access, albeit with a different focus. Efforts were made to increase access to telehealth services, expand funding for mental health programs, and address the opioid crisis, which has significant mental health implications.
Biden Administration:
Under the Biden administration, mental health care access remains a priority, with a particular emphasis on integrating mental health care into primary care settings, increasing access to substance abuse treatment, and expanding mental health parity laws.
Allocation of Financial and Other Resources:
Each administration allocated financial resources differently for addressing mental health care access. The Obama administration focused on increasing funding for mental health services and research. The Trump administration directed resources towards addressing the opioid crisis and expanding telehealth services. The Biden administration has proposed increased funding for mental health programs as part of its healthcare agenda.
Notes on Administration’s Approach:
The Obama administration emphasized the importance of early intervention and prevention in addressing mental health issues. The Trump administration focused on deregulation to increase access to mental health services and reduce barriers to treatment. The Biden administration has prioritized mental health as part of its broader healthcare reform efforts, aiming to improve access and affordability.
General Notes/Comments:
Overall, mental health care access has remained a consistent concern across multiple presidential administrations, with varying approaches to addressing the issue.
Administrative Agency:
The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is most likely responsible for helping address the mental health care access issue.
How the Healthcare Issue Gets on the Agenda and Stays There:
The healthcare issue of mental health care access gets on the agenda through public outcry, advocacy efforts by mental health organizations, and the recognition of its importance by policymakers. It stays on the agenda through continued advocacy, research demonstrating the need for action, and political will.
Entrepreneur/Champion/Sponsor:
Various individuals and organizations have championed mental health care access over the years, including mental health advocates, healthcare professionals, and policymakers such as senators and representatives who have sponsored relevant legislation.
Fact Sheet:
Why Mental Health Care Access is Important:
Mental health care access is vital for ensuring the well-being and productivity of individuals and communities. Access to timely and appropriate mental health services can prevent crises, improve overall health outcomes, and reduce the burden on healthcare systems.
Justification of Nurse’s Role in Agenda Setting:
Nurses play a crucial role in advocating for mental health care access due to their frontline position in healthcare delivery. As trusted healthcare professionals, nurses witness the impact of inadequate mental health services on patients and families, making them effective advocates for policy change. Additionally, nurses possess valuable expertise in mental health assessment and intervention, contributing to evidence-based policy recommendations.
In conclusion, addressing mental health care access requires collaboration among policymakers, healthcare professionals, and advocacy groups to ensure equitable access to quality mental health services for all individuals. As frontline healthcare providers, nurses are essential stakeholders in agenda setting for mental health issues, advocating for policies that prioritize mental health and improve access to care.
References:
World Health Organization, ‘Mental Health: Strengthening Our Response’ (WHO, 2016) https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response accessed 30 May 2023.
Jeanne C Rivard and others, ‘Enhancing Mental Health Support through Nursing Education’ (2021) 47 Issues in Mental Health Nursing 539.
Heidi Rieck, ‘Mental Health Parity: Advocating for Increased Access to Mental Health Services’ (2022) 30 Journal of Professional Nursing 144.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ‘Mental Health’ (CDC, 2022) https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/index.htm accessed 30 May 2023.
National Alliance on Mental Illness, ‘Mental Health by the Numbers’ (NAMI, 2023) https://www.nami.org/mhstats accessed 30 May 2023
