Place an order for your academic papers, assignments and study assistance. Our reliable paper writing service and research assignment help online ensures timely delivery of high-quality essays, answers, analysis and presentations, tailored to your specific course needs and requirements.
Posted: June 6th, 2021
Pathophysiology of COPD
COPD refers to a group of lung diseases characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 2019). The most common conditions included are chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Cigarette smoking is the primary risk factor, with other factors like air pollution and genetics playing a smaller role. In chronic bronchitis, long-term inflammation of the airways causes mucus overproduction and damage to cilia – the tiny hairs that move mucus out of the lungs. This leads to a persistent cough with mucus (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 2019).
In emphysema, destruction of the alveoli (air sacs of the lungs) occurs. Normally elastic alveoli are weakened, resulting in overinflation on inhalation that cannot be reversed on exhalation. This loss of elastic recoil makes it difficult to exhale fully.
In COPD, chronic inflammation from noxious particles and gases causes a protease-antiprotease imbalance, destroying the lung parenchyma over decades (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 2019). Other mechanisms involve oxidative stress and apoptosis of lung cells.
Symptoms include breathlessness, chronic cough, and mucus production. Lung function progressively declines, impairing gas exchange and physical activity. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, vaccinations, bronchodilators, anti-inflammatories, pulmonary rehabilitation, and in severe cases, oxygen therapy or lung transplantation.
Understanding the pathophysiological changes in COPD helps guide management strategies for this prevalent respiratory disease. Please let me know if you need any clarification or have additional questions.
References
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. (2019). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Place an order in 3 easy steps. Takes less than 5 mins.
Each Student Wants High Quality and That’s Our Focus
An online hub of writing bishops' experts. We select the best qualified writers to join our team. These writers are recruited based on their college graduation grades, exceptional writing skills and ability to convey complex ideas in a clear manner. They each have expertise in specific topic fields and background in academic writing. This expertise enables them to provide well-researched and informative content that meets the highest standards.
In appreciation of the fact that our clients are majorly college and university students, we offer the lowest possible pricing while still providing the best writers. This approach ensures that our clients receive high-quality content and best coursework grades without breaking the bank. Our costs are fair and reasonable compared to other custom writing services in the market. As a result of maintaining the balance between affordability and quality, we have established ourselves as a reliable choice in the industry.
You will never receive a final paper that contains any plagiarism or AI use similarity index. Our team of professional writers and editors is dedicated to ensuring the originality of all content. We scan every final draft before releasing it to be delivered to a customer for submission in safeassign and turnitin. This rigorous process guarantees that the work meets the highest standards of academic integrity.