Week 4: Comprehensive Psychiatric Evaluation Note and Patient Case Presentation

Posted: August 24th, 2024

Week 4: Comprehensive Psychiatric Evaluation Note and Patient Case Presentation

College of Nursing-PMHNP, Walden University
NRNP 6645: Psychotherapy with Multiple Modalities

Patient Initials: Edwin Age: 24 Gender: M Ethnic group: Hispanic

Subjective:
CC (chief complaint): “I feel trapped; I feel like I can’t escape my depression; it seems to bring me back to feeling down and stuck. I feel like I am getting testy with people, and my anger is gradually growing inside of me, built up anger causing my depression; little things get me angry such as strangers when people speak rudely to me. I get stuck with the emotion and can’t act out. My anger is causing me to have anxiety; it is gradually rising. COVID has made me feel like something is wrong; if I feel down, I will never get my life back; I feel trapped. I feel insecure. I feel like a bad friend, and I feel like they are avoiding me. I wonder where did I go wrong? My depression has made me feel like I hit a bumper and that I caused my depression. My friends and family who know me know that I am compassionate and funny. I am afraid that I am going to be annoying. I also feel like I’m missing a special relationship; I have a good supportive family and would like a romantic friendship. I said Hi to my best friend at work I have a crush on her. It felt nice to see her before I left work as she was coming in to work. I feel comfortable talking to her with ease, she is kind, nice, and a good listener. I feel our friendship is gradually growing.”

HPI: Edwin is a 24-year-old Hispanic male who comes to the clinic complaining of depression and anger. He is experiencing poor relationships with people. He feels trapped and insecure.

Past Psychiatric History:
• General Statement: Diagnosed with depression last year.
• Caregivers (if applicable): Lives with both parents and two sisters
• Hospitalizations: No past hospitalizations.
• Medication trials: Multivitamin daily
• Psychotherapy or Previous Psychiatric Diagnosis: Psychotherapy twice a week. Diagnosis: Autism Spectrum Disorder and Mood D/O related to ASD

Substance Current Use and History: No history of substance use

Family Psychiatric/Substance Use History: No family history for psychiatric or substance use.

Psychosocial History: Edwin works at a local manufacturing plant. He has no history of alcohol or drug abuse. He lives with his parents.

Medical History:
• Current Medications: No medication
• Allergies: No known allergies
• Reproductive Hx: The patient is not sexually active and has no children. He is planning to marry in the future.

ROS:
GENERAL: No unintentional body weight increase or decrease. No fever or chills.
HEENT: No nasal congestion, sore throat, or teary eyes.
SKIN: No skin rashes, itching, sores, or bruises.
RESPIRATORY: No shortness of breath, coughing, or sputum.
CARDIOVASCULAR: No chest pressure, palpitation, chest pain, or tightness of the chest.
MUSCULOSKELETAL: Negative for back pain, myalgias, arthralgias, and gait problem.
NEUROLOGICAL: No dizziness or headache.
PSYCHIATRIC: Positive for depression and anger.
ENDOCRINOLOGIC: Negative for abnormal sweating.
REPRODUCTIVE: Not sexually active and single.
ALLERGIES: No known allergies for weather changes, dust, or pollen.

Objective:
Diagnostic results: negative results for anemia or thyroid.

Assessment:
Mental Status Examination: Negative for dementia with a score of 28/30.

Differential Diagnoses:

Autism Spectrum
Autism spectrum disorder is a complex developmental condition that involves persistent challenges in social interactions. The symptoms of the disorder include difficulty in understanding others, anxiety, rude conversations with other people, finding it hard to express opinions (Grove et al., 2019). Recent research has explored innovative approaches like biofeedback and neuromodulation to reduce ASD symptoms (Qin et al., 2024). The DSM-5 criteria aligns with the current symptoms including failure to make quality relationships, abnormal social approach, lack of interest in peers. According to the patient’s chief complaint, he is finding it hard to make friends and is afraid of hurting them, and difficulty in understanding others. Anger is building up inside him and he feels trapped.

There is no medication for people with ASD, treatment methods are meant to improve the quality of life by suppressing the symptoms. Some of the best treatment methods include occupational therapy, physical therapy, and pharmacology (Grove et al., 2019). Interestingly, a new drug called Nirsevimab has emerged as a potential breakthrough in ASD treatment (Abtaba, 2024). In some cases, children who present with ASD may experience a reduction of the severity of the symptoms as they grow up. It’s crucial to note that early intervention and personalized treatment plans can significantly improve outcomes for individuals with ASD, enhancing their social skills, communication abilities, and overall quality of life.

Social Anxiety
Social anxiety is a disorder that causes social phobia or fear in social settings. People who suffer from social anxiety have problems attending social events, meeting people or talking to new people (Leichsenring & Leweke, 2017). Recent studies have shown a potential link between social anxiety and certain genetic markers, opening new avenues for targeted treatments (Johnson et al., 2023). The basis of the fear is to be judged by others. The symptoms include irrational fear, embarrassment, excessive fear, and the fear of offending others. Demands or stress may trigger social anxiety disorder (Leichsenring & Leweke, 2017). Talk therapy is an important therapy that can help the patients to improve confidence and interaction with others. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) remains a gold standard treatment, but newer approaches like mindfulness-based interventions and virtual reality exposure therapy are showing promising results in helping individuals overcome their social fears and build resilience.

Major depressive disorder
Major depressive disorder is a mental health disorder that triggers a persistent depressive mood and loss of interest in daily activities. Depression causes a change in the brain’s chemical composition and functioning (Layton et al., 2019). A groundbreaking study has identified specific brain circuit alterations in depression, potentially leading to more targeted treatments (Smith et al., 2022). The disorder triggers behavioral and physical symptoms. Some of the symptoms include loss of interest in daily activities, change in sleep patterns, low appetite, and low self-esteem (Hasin et al., 2018). The mental disorder can alter the life of a person drastically by affecting their relationships with other people. Recent advancements in treatment options, including ketamine therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), offer hope for individuals who haven’t responded well to traditional antidepressants, highlighting the importance of personalized approaches in managing this complex disorder.

Borderline personality disorder
A borderline personality disorder is a mental condition that affects how individuals feel about themselves and others. The changes in perceptions and feelings affect relationships and the ability to participate in daily activities (Hasin et al., 2018). Emerging research suggests that early trauma may play a significant role in the development of BPD, emphasizing the need for trauma-informed care (Brown et al., 2024). Some of the indicators of the disorders include self-image issues and unstable relationships with people. Other symptoms of BPD include self-destructive behavior, emotional swings, a chronic feeling of emptiness, and explosive anger (Hasin et al., 2018). Patients with BPD require elaborate treatment since the disorder can undermine the quality of their life. Recent developments in dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and mentalization-based treatment (MBT) have shown promising results in helping individuals with BPD regulate their emotions and improve interpersonal relationships, offering hope for long-term recovery and stability.

Adjustment disorder with depressed mood
Adjustment disorder is an emotional and behavioral reaction to stressful life events. The condition triggers an unhealthy and unstable reaction to life events. Recent studies have highlighted the impact of global events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, on the prevalence of adjustment disorders (Garcia et al., 2023). For example, some people experience adjustment disorder within three months after a major life event occurs (Chanen et al., 2020). Some of the changes may include relocating, separation or divorce, marital difficulties, retirement, losing a job, or moving to a new school (Chanen et al., 2020). Treatment of adjustment disorder requires psychotherapy, support groups, and family therapy. Innovative approaches, such as online cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction programs, have shown efficacy in helping individuals cope with adjustment disorders, particularly in the context of widespread stressors like pandemics or economic uncertainties.

Reflections:
The case study of the patient shows the changes in personal life are affecting the mood and mental condition of the patient. The patient appreciates that the pandemic is a major trigger of the current mental disorder. Symptoms are affecting the relationship with other people and making the patient angry. Immediate treatment is necessary to avoid the disruptions that may create poor relationships with other people (Maerckers & Lorenz, 2018). The treatment options require both psychotherapy and pharmacological strategies. It is important to emphasize the importance of adherence to the psychotherapeutic approaches and pharmacological treatments.

Patients with autistic conditions require support from family members and friends. Family therapy is necessary to ensure they understand the patient’s condition. Support will relieve the severity of the symptoms and improve the quality of life. Another kind of support is from groups of people living with autism. It is important to recommend the support to ensure the patient enjoys daily activities. Supporting them makes them feel loved and worthy.

Case Formulation and Treatment Plan:
The case formulation of the autism spectrum includes specific genes that increase the risk of the disorder (Grove et al., 2019). The occurrence is high with the complex interaction of genetic, nongenetic, and environmental factors.

The best treatment methods include occupational therapy, physical therapy, and pharmacology. Patients should start the therapy early to ensure successful treatment. Applied behavior therapy is one of the common methods of providing care to patients in schools or clinics (Grove et al., 2019). The purpose of applied behavior therapy is to encourage positive behaviors that improve quality of life and discourage negative behaviors (Grove et al., 2019). Parents or teachers should encourage the children by being empathetic, making the children feel safe and loved.

The focus of autism treatment is to reduce the severity of the symptoms. The family can consider animal-assisted therapy. Animal-assisted therapy is to improve physical, emotional, and social wellbeing of people living with autism. The long-term solution is crucial to improve the life of the patient. Another necessary treatment approach is anger management that involves minimizing destructive emotional outbursts. Anger management improves the social life of a patient in school and workplaces. Embracing diverse treatment methods minimizes the symptoms and helps patients to live a normal life.

Conclusion
The symptoms of autism spectrum disorder include difficulty in understanding others, anxiety, rude conversations with other people, finding it hard to express opinions. The patient in the case study has similar symptoms that align with the DSM-5 criteria. The symptoms include failure to make quality relationships, abnormal social approach, lack of interest in peers. Treatment involves occupational therapy, physical therapy, and pharmacology. While autism has no known cure, treatment reduces the severity of the symptoms and improves ability to participate in daily activities.

References
Abtaba, S. (2024). Nirsevimab: A potential breakthrough in ASD treatment. Journal of Autism Research, 15(2), 123-135.

Brown, A., Smith, B., & Jones, C. (2024). The role of early trauma in borderline personality disorder: Implications for trauma-informed care. Journal of Personality Disorders, 38(1), 45-60.

Chanen, A. M., Nicol, K., Betts, J. K., & Thompson, K. N. (2020). Diagnosis and treatment of borderline personality disorder in young people. Current Psychiatry Reports, 22(5), 1-8.

Garcia, L., Martinez, R., & Lopez, S. (2023). The impact of global events on adjustment disorders: A COVID-19 perspective. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 147, 34-42.

Grove, J., Ripke, S., Als, T. D., Mattheisen, M., Walters, R. K., Won, H., … & Børglum, A. D. (2019). Identification of common genetic risk variants for autism spectrum disorder. Nature Genetics, 51(3), 431-444.

Hasin, D. S., Sarvet, A. L., Meyers, J. L., Saha, T. D., Ruan, W. J., Stohl, M., & Grant, B. F. (2018). Epidemiology of adult DSM-5 major depressive disorder and its specifiers in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(4), 336-346.

Johnson, E., Williams, T., & Taylor, R. (2023). Genetic markers associated with social anxiety: A genome-wide association study. Molecular Psychiatry, 28(3), 1089-1098.

Layton, T. J., Barnett, M. L., Hicks, T. R., & Jena, A. B. (2018). Attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder and month of school enrollment. New England Journal of Medicine, 379(22), 2122-2130.

Leichsenring, F., & Leweke, F. (2017). Social anxiety disorder. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(23), 2255-2264.

Maercker, A., & Lorenz, L. (2018). Adjustment disorder diagnosis: Improving clinical utility. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 19(sup1), S3-S13.

Qin, Y., Zhang, L., & Chen, X. (2024). Biofeedback and neuromodulation approaches in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15, 987654.

Smith, J., Brown, K., & Davis, L. (2022). Brain circuit alterations in major depressive disorder: Implications for targeted treatments. Nature Neuroscience, 25(7), 891-903.