DEVRY JADM350 MIDTERM PART EXAM

Question 1. Question
: (TCO 1) A collection of social
science methods applied systematically to generate knowledge about crime and
justice phenomena is called ______________ .

scientific methodology

criminology

criminalistics

crime scene investigation

crime and justice research

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of 4

Question 2. Question
: (TCO 1) What is the primary
source of information on criminal victimization in the United States?

The Federal Bureau of Investigation

The National Crime Victimization Survey

The American Victimization Association

The National Department of Victims of Crime

The Department of Victimization

(textbook
Chapter 1, p. 9)

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of 4

Question 3. Question
: (TCO 1) Nonreactive research
is _____________.

a method that involves the collection and
reanalysis of existing quantitative data
a nonreactive method used to examine the
content, or information and symbols, contained in written documents or other
communication media
the unobtrusive collection of data that have
usually been left behind by others
a method that uses a written questionnaire or
formal interview to gather quantitative data on the backgrounds, behaviors,
beliefs, or attitudes of a large number of people or agencies
a method in which the researcher engages the
natural environment of their subjects and strives for an up close, personal,
and highly detailed understanding of the research subject’s culture
(textbook
Chapter 1, p. 17)

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of 4

Question 4. Question
: (TCO 1) Ethnographic field
research is ______________.

a method that involves the collection and
reanalysis of existing quantitative data
a nonreactive method used to examine the
content, or information and symbols, contained in written documents or other
communication media
the unobtrusive collection of data that have
usually been left behind by others
a method that uses a written questionnaire or
formal interview to gather quantitative data on the backgrounds, behaviors,
beliefs, or attitudes of a large number of people or agencies
a method in which the researcher engages the
natural environment of their subjects and strives for an up close, personal,
and highly detailed understanding of the research subject’s culture
(textbook
Chapter 1, p. 18)

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of 4

Question 5. Question
: (TCO 1) Personal experience
knowledge is __________.

a basis of knowledge in which we rely on what
someone in a position of authority says
a basis of knowledge in which we accept
something as being true because of a long-running custom or belief
a basis of knowledge in which we rely on
commonly accepted, ordinary reasoning
a basis of knowledge in which we rely on the
media’s construction of the truth, which often relies on claims made by
politicians and government officials
a basis of knowledge in which we rely on our
own lived experiences
(textbook
Chapter 2, p. 42)

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of 4

Question 6. Question
: (TCO 1) Overgeneralization
occurs when we have _______________.

statements that go far beyond what can be
justified based on the data or empirical observations that one has
making observations in a way that simply
reinforces preexisting thinking, rather than attempting to observe in a
balanced and critical manner
making a judgment or reaching a decision and
ending in an investigation, before one has the amount or depth of evidence
required by scientific standards
allowing the prior reputation of persons,
places, or things to color one’s evaluations, rather than attempting to
evaluate in a neutral, equal manner
(textbook
Chapter 2, p. 43)

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of 4

Question 7. Question
: (TCO 1) Making a judgment or
reaching a decision and ending in an investigation before one has the amount or
depth of evidence required by scientific standards is called ________.

halo effect

premature closure

selective observation

overgeneralization

(textbook
Chapter 2, p. 43)

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of 4

Question 8. Question
: (TCO 1) The word data means
________________.

the empirical evidence or information that
one gathers carefully according to rules or procedures.
a system of interconnected ideas that
condenses and organizes knowledge for purposes of understanding and/or
explanation
observations that people experience through
the senses—touch, sight, hearing, smell, and taste
the scientific norm that says research should
be judged only on the basis of scientific merit
(textbook
Chapter 2, p.47)

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of 4

Question 9. Question
: (TCO 1) A cohort study…

examines the same people over time with
check-up points
examines different people at multiple times

examines a group of people at once

examines a different group of people with
similar characteristics over time
examines a group of people over time

(textbook
Chapter 2, p. 57)

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of 4

Question 10. Question
: (TCO 1) A philosophical concept
that asks how we know what we say we know, and what constitutes legitimate
knowledge is called _______________.

determinism

falsification doctrine

replication

essentialism

epistemology

(textbook
Chapter 3, p. 70)

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of 4

Question 11. Question
: (TCO 1) Interpretive social
science (ISS) can be traced to German sociologist ______.

Auguste Comte

Sigmund Freud

Sir Karl Popper

Karl Marx

Max Weber

(textbook
Chapter 3, p. 74)

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of 4

Question 12. Question
: (TCO 1) The idea that two
seemingly contradictory elements or processes actually interact in a mutually
transformative manner, with each transforming one another, is called
________________.

praxis

reification

mutually transformative process

dialectic relationship

bounded autonomy

(textbook
Chapter 3, p. 79)

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of 4

Question 13. Question
: (TCO 1) When we take our human
constructions for granted to the point that they become invisible, rendering an
unquestionable level of control over us, it is called _______.

praxis

reification

mutually transformative process

dialectic relationship

bounded autonomy

(textbook
Chapter 3, p. 80)

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of 4

Question 14. Question
: (TCO 1) A theoretical
statement that specifies the relationship between two or more concepts
(variables) is called ___________.

an independent variable

a dependent variable

variable

a typology

a proposition

(textbook
Chapter 3, p. 95)

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of 4

Question 15. Question
: (TCO 1) The co-occurrence of
two events, characteristics, or factors such that when one is present, the
other one is likely to be present as well, is called ____________.

a concept

an independent variable

a dependent variable

an association

an experimental variable

(textbook
Chapter 3, p. 100)

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of 4

Question 16. Question
: (TCO 2) Fraud that occurs when
a researcher steals the ideas or writings of another or uses them without
citing the source is called ___________.

loss of objectivity

scientific irresponsibility

research fraud

scientific misconduct

plagiarism

(textbook
Chapter 4, p. 111)

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of 4

Question 17. Question
: (TCO 2) A famous research
study in which the researcher observed men engaging in sexual acts in a public
bathroom, and then tracked them down a year later to conduct covert
interviews, is called _______________.

Zimbardo Prison Experiment

The Attica Study

Humphrey’s “tearoom trade”

Stanley Milgram’s Experiment

Van Maanen Study

(textbook
Chapter 4, p. 117)

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of 4

Question 18. Question
: (TCO 2) ____________ is an
ethical principle that people should never participate in research unless they
explicitly and freely agree to participate.

Freedom of choice

Free will

Determinism

Voluntary consent

Informed consent

(textbook
Chapter 4, p. 119)

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of 4

Question 19. Question
: (TCO 2) The role that a field
researcher adopts where he or she reveals that research is being conducted, but
is vague about its details, is called __________.

shallow cover

sting operation

undercover operation

deep cover

secret research

(textbook
Chapter 4, p. 120)

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of 4

Question 20. Question
: (TCO 2) The ethical protection
that participants remain nameless, their identity protected from disclosure and
remains unknown, is called _________.

anonymity

secretiveness

protection

confidential

obscurity

(textbook
Chapter 4, p. 122)

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of 4

Question 21. Question
: (TCO 2) Academic periodicals
that publish peer-reviewed research and essays usually found in college and
university libraries are called ________.

magazines

Newsweek and Time

research books

scholarly journals

all of the above

(textbook
Chapter 4, p. 131)

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of 4

Question 22. Question
: (TCO 2) One of the following
is not one of the four types of triangulation.

triangulation of method

triangulation of measures

triangulation of observers

triangulation of theory

triangulation of technique

147)

Question 23. Question
: (TCO 2) Triangulation of
measures is _________________.

getting different measures for the same
experiment

taking multiple measures of a phenomenon

multiple observers of a phenomenon

viewing phenomenon from multiple theoretical
lenses

147)

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Question 24. Question
: (TCO 2) Quality research
topics come to the researcher through _____________.

reading the literature

developing out theoretical filters

paying attention to current events

taking notice of problems that need to be
solved

all of the above

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of 4

Question 25. Question
: (TCO 2) An intervening
variable is ___________________.

a concept that varies, or an empirical
measure that can take on multiple values.
the categories or levels of a variable

a cause variable that produces an effect of
results on a dependent variable in a causal hypothesis
the effect or result variable that is caused
by an independent variable in a causal hypothesis
a variable that comes between the independent
and dependent variables and shows the link or causal mechanism between them
156)

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of 4

Question 26. Question
: (TCO 2) An attribute is
____________________.

a concept that varies, or an empirical
measure that can take on multiple values.
the categories or levels of a variable

a cause variable that produces an effect of
results on a dependent variable in a causal hypothesis
the effect or result variable that is caused
by an independent variable in a causal hypothesis
a variable that comes between the independent
and dependent variables and shows the link or causal mechanism between them
156)

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of 4

Question 27. Question
: (TCO 2) If the research’s
hypothesis is “poverty affects the crime rate of a city,” poverty is
_________________.

a concept that does not vary

the categories or levels of a variable

a cause variable that produces an effect of
results on a dependent variable in a causal hypothesis
the effect or result variable that is caused
by an independent variable in a causal hypothesis
a variable that comes between the independent
and dependent variables and shows the link or causal mechanism between them
156)

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of 4

Question 28. Question
: (TCO 2) A causal hypothesis is
__________________.

a statement of a causal explanation or
proposition that has at least one independent and one dependent variable, and
has yet to be empirically tested
a hypothesis that states there is no
significant effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable
a hypothesis paired with the null hypothesis
with two independent variables in which it is unclear whether one or the other
variable, or both in combination, produce an effect
a confusing and poorly designed hypothesis
with two independent variables making it unclear whether one or the other
variable, or both in combination, produce an effect
157)

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(TCO 4) The process of developing clear, rigorous,
systematic conceptual definitions for abstract ideas/concepts is called
_____________.

organization

logic

clarification

conceptualization

defining your terms

(textbook
Chapter 6, p. 180)

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of 4

Question 2. Question
: (TCO 4) The definition of a
variable in terms of the specific actions to measure or indicate it in the
empirical world is called _____________.

operational definition

operationalization

clarification

clear conceptualization

organization

(textbook
Chapter 6, p. 183)

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of 4

Question 3. Question
: (TCO 4) Equivalence
reliability is ________________.

measurement reliability across time; a
measure that yields consistent results at different time points, assuming that
what is being measured does not change itself
measurement reliability across groups; a
measure that yields consistent results for various social groups
measurement reliability across indicators; a
measure that yields consistent results using different specific indicators,
assuming that all measure the same construct
how well an empirical indicator and the
conceptual definition of the construct that the indicator is suppose to measure
fit together

(textbook
Chapter 6, p. 188)

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of 4

Question 4. Question
: (TCO 4) Face validity is
______________.

a type of measurement validity in which an
indicator makes sense as a measure of a construct in the judgment of others,
especially in the scientific community
measurement validity that requires that a
measure represents all of the aspects of the conceptual definition of a
construct
measurement validity that relies on some
independent outside verification
a type of measurement validity that uses
multiple indicators and has two indicators and two subtypes: how well indicators
of one construct converge and how well indicators of different constructs
diverge
(textbook
Chapter 6, p. 190)

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of 4

Question 5. Question
: (TCO 4) Criterion validity is
______________.

a type of measurement validity in which an
indicator makes sense as a measure of a construct in the judgment of others,
especially in the scientific community
measurement validity that requires that a
measure represents all of the aspects of the conceptual definition of a
construct
measurement validity that relies on some
independent outside verification
a type of measurement validity that uses
multiple indicators and has two indicators and two subtypes: how well indicators
of one construct converge and how well indicators of different constructs
diverge
a measure of validity that relies on a
preexisting and already accepted measure to verify the indicator of a construct
(textbook
Chapter 6, p. 191)

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of 4

Question 6. Question
: (TCO 4) Convergent validity is
_________________.

a type of measurement validity in which an
indicator makes sense as a measure of a construct in the judgment of others,
especially in the scientific community
a measurement validity that relies on the
occurrence of a future event or behavior that is logically consistent to verify
the indicator of a construct
measurement of validity that relies on some
independent outside verification
a type of measurement validity for multiple
indicators based on the idea that indicators of one construct will act alike or
converge. (p. 191)
a measurement validity for multiple
indicators based on the idea that indicators of different constructs diverge
(p.191)
(textbook
Chapter 6, p. 191)

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of 4

Question 7. Question
: (TCO 4) An ordinal-level of
measurement is __________________.

the lowest, least-precise level of
measurements for which there is a difference in type only among the categories
of variable
a level of measurement that identifies a
difference among categories of a variable and allows the categories to be rank
ordered as well
a level of measurement that identifies
differences among variable attributes, rank categories, and measures distance
between categories, but there is no true zero
the highest, most-precise level of
measurement; variable attributes can be rank ordered, the distance between them
precisely measured, and there is an absolute zero
(textbook
Chapter 6, p. 195)

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of 4

Question 8. Question
: (TCO 4) Variables measured on
a continuum, in which an infinite number of finer gradations between variable
attributes are possible, are called _____________.

independent variables

discrete variables

continuous variables

dependent variables

spurious variables

(textbook
Chapter 6, p. 196)

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of 4

Question 9. Question
: (TCO 4) Variables in which the
attributes can be measured with only a limited number of distinct, separate
categories are called ________________.

independent variables

discrete variables

continuous variables

dependent variables

spurious variables

(textbook
Chapter 6, p. 196)

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of 4

Question 10. Question
: (TCO 4) This is a scale often
used in survey research in which people express attitudes or other responses in
terms of ordinal-level categories that are ranked along a continuum.

Rates

Likert Scale

The Truth Scale

None of the above

(textbook
Chapter 6, p. 202)

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of 4

Question 11. Question
: (TCO 4) The abstract idea of a
large group of many cases from which a researcher draws a sample and to which
results from a sample are generalized is called a ________.

group

small group

sample

population

sampling case

(textbook
Chapter 7, p. 213)

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of 4

Question 12. Question
: (TCO 4) The concretely
specified large group of many cases from which a researcher draws a sample and
to which results from a sample are generalized is called __________.

sampling frame

target population

sample

population

sampling case

(textbook
Chapter 7, p. 213)

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of 4

Question 13. Question
: (TCO 4) How much a sample
deviates from being representative of the population is called __________.

a sampling probability

a sampling error

a random sample

a population selection

random chance

(textbook
Chapter 7, p. 214)

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of 4

Question 14. Question
: (TCO 6) ________________ is a
type of random sample that uses multiple stages and is often used to cover wide
geographic areas in which aggregated units are randomly selected and
then samples are drawn from the sampled aggregated units, or
clusters.

Cluster sampling

Systematic sampling

Confidence intervals

Sampling interval

Stratified sampling

(textbook
Chapter 7, p. 219)

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of 4

Question 15. Question
: (TCO 6) Cluster sampling is
__________________________.

a random sample in which the researcher first
identifies a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories, divides the
sampling frame by the categories, and then uses random selection to select
cases from each category
a range of values, usually a little higher or
lower than a specific value found in a sample, within which a researcher has a
specified and high degree of confidence that the population’s parameters lie
the inverse of the sampling ration that is
used when selecting cases in systematic sampling.
a random sample in which a researcher selects
everykth (e. g., 12th) case in the sample frame using a sampling interval
a type of random sample that uses multiple
stages and is often used to cover wide geographic areas in which aggregated
units are randomly selected and then samples are drawn from the sampled
aggregated units, or clusters
(textbook
Chapter 7, p. 219)

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of 4

Question 16. Question
: (TCO 6) Sequential sampling is
________________.

a nonrandom sample in which the researcher
first identifies general categories into which cases or people will be
selected, and then he or she selects cases to reach a predetermined number of
cases in each category.
a nonrandom sample in which the researcher
uses a wide range of methods to locate all possible cases of a highly specific
and difficult-to-reach population
a nonrandom sample in which the researcher
selects specific times, locations, or events to observe in order to develop a
social theory or evaluate theoretical ideas
a nonrandom sample, especially used by
qualitative researchers, in which a researcher selects unusual or nonconforming
cases purposely as a way to provide greater insight into social processes or a
setting
a nonrandom sample in which a researcher
tries to find as many relevant cases as possible, until time, financial
resources, or his or her energy is exhausted, or until there is no new
information or diversity from the cases
(textbook
Chapter 7, p. 229)

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of 4

Question 17. Question
: (TCO 6) The group that does
not get the treatment in experimental research is called the ______.

testable group

experimental group

research group

non-treatment group

control group

(textbook
Chapter 8, p. 237)

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of 4

Question 18. Question
: (TCO 6) Interrupted
time-series design is/are _________________.

an effect of two independent variables
operating simultaneously and in combination on a dependent variable. It is a
larger effect than occurs from the sum of each
independent variable working separately
experimental designs that lack random
assignment or use shortcuts and are much weaker than the classical experimental
design. They can be substituted in situations in
which an experimenter cannot use all of the features of a
classical experimental design, but have weaker internal validity
an experimental design with only an
experimental group and a posttest, no pretest.
pre-experimental design that has one group, a
pretest, treatment, and a posttest. It lacks a control group and random
assignment
an experimental design in which the dependent
variable is measured periodically across many time points, and the treatment
occurs in the midst of such measures, often
only once
(textbook
Chapter 8, p. 250)

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of 4

Question 19. Question
: (TCO 6) Pre-experimental
designs is/are ___________________.

an effect of two independent variables
operating simultaneously and in combination on a dependent variable. It is a
larger effect than occurs from the sum of each
independent variable working separately
experimental designs that lack random
assignment or use shortcuts and are much weaker than the classical experimental
design. They can be substituted in situations in
which an experimenter cannot use all of the features of a
classical experimental design, but have weaker internal validity
an experimental design with only an
experimental group and a posttest, no pretest.
a pre-experimental design that has one group,
a pretest, treatment, and a posttest. It lacks a control group and random
assignment
an experimental design in which the dependent
variable is measured periodically across many time points, and the treatment
occurs in the midst of such measures, often
only once
(textbook
Chapter 8, p. 249)

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of 4

Question 20. Question
: (TCO 6) A threat to internal
validity due to something that occurs and affects the dependent variable during
an experiment, but that is unplanned and outside the control of the
experimenter, is called ________________ .

internal validity error

historical error

history effects

random error

spontaneous error

(textbook
Chapter 8, p. 255)

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of 4

Question 21. Question
: (TCO 6) A threat to internal
validity that occurs when the very process of measuring in the pretest can have
an impact on the dependent variable.

history effects

testing effects

time series effects

experimental effects

maturation effect

(textbook
Chapter 8, p. 255)

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of 4

Question 22. Question
: (TCO 6) The most widely use
research technique in the social sciences is _________.

experiments

observational studies

record studies

participant observation

surveys

(textbook
Chapter 9, p. 266)

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of 4

Question 23. Question
: (TCO 6) When survey research
respondents compress time when answering about past events, it is called
______________.

false memory

time questioning

memory failure

telescoping

time compression

(textbook
Chapter 9, p. 279)

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of 4

Question 24. Question
: (TCO 6) A type of survey
research question in which respondents are free to offer any answer that they
wish to the questions is called _______________.

a short answer

social desirability question

a close-ended question

a preliminary question

an open-ended question

(textbook
Chapter 9, p. 281)

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of 4

Question 25. Question
: (TCO 6) A quasi-filter
question is _________________.

a survey research question in which
respondents are first asked whether they have an opinion or know about a topic;
then only those with an opinion or knowledge are asked a
specific question about the topic
a survey research question that includes the
answer choice “No Opinion,” “Unsure,” or “Don’t Know”
a type of survey research question in which
the answer categories do not include a “No Opinion” or “Don’t Know” option
all of the above

(textbook
Chapter 9, p. 283)

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of 4

Question 26. Question
: (TCO 6) A classical
experimental design is _______________.

a type of experimental design that considers
the impact of several independent variables simultaneously
an experimental design that has random
assignment, a control group, and a pretest and posttest for each group
an experimental design used to examine
whether the order of sequence in which subjects receive multiple versions of
the treatment has an effect
an experimental design in which subjects are
randomly assigned to two control groups and two experimental groups
an experimental design that has all of the
parts of the classical design except a pretest
(textbook
Chapter 8, p. 245)

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of 4

Question 27. Question
: (TCO 6) A factorial design is
____________________.

an experimental design that has all the parts
of the classical design except a pretest
an experimental design that has random
assignment, a control group, and a pretest and posttest for each group
an experimental design used to examine
whether the order of sequence in which subjects receive multiple versions of
the treatment has an effect

an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to two
control groups and two experimental groups
a type of experimental design that considers
the impact of several independent variables simultaneously
(textbook
Chapter 8, p. 247)

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