Place an order for your academic papers, assignments and study assistance. Our reliable paper writing service and research assignment help online ensures timely delivery of high-quality essays, answers, analysis and presentations, tailored to your specific course needs and requirements.
Posted: June 6th, 2021
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure
Heart failure refers to the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs (Braunwald et al., 2018). It occurs when the heart muscle is weakened or damaged and cannot contract with enough force. There are two main types of heart failure – heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).
In HFrEF, the heart muscle is unable to contract normally, causing the left ventricle to fail to eject a sufficient amount of blood with each heartbeat. Common causes include a previous heart attack which damages the heart muscle, long-standing high blood pressure, and cardiomyopathies (Braunwald et al., 2018). Over time, the weakened heart becomes enlarged and less able to pump blood efficiently.
In HFpEF, the heart muscle contracts normally but the ventricle does not relax as well as it should between beats. This prevents the ventricle from filling with enough blood. Risk factors include high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and older age (Ponikowski et al., 2016). The exact causes are still under investigation but may involve stiffening of the heart muscle.
The pathophysiology of both types of heart failure involves neurohormonal activation and maladaptive remodeling of the heart muscle in response to the initial injury or stress (Ponikowski et al., 2016). This leads to further impairment of cardiac function in a vicious cycle. Symptoms occur due to fluid backup in the lungs or other tissues.
Treatment aims to relieve symptoms, improve cardiac function, and reduce the risk of hospitalization and death. Medications target neurohormonal systems and manage fluid levels (Ponikowski et al., 2016). Lifestyle changes like salt restriction and exercise are also important. For some advanced cases, devices like implantable cardioverter-defibrillators or cardiac resynchronization therapy may be used. Heart transplantation is an option for carefully selected patients.
In summary, heart failure develops via different mechanisms but ultimately results in the heart’s inability to pump enough blood for the body’s needs. Understanding the pathophysiology guides treatment and management approaches for this prevalent cardiovascular condition.
References
Braunwald, E., Zipes, D. P., & Libby, P. (2018). Braunwald’s heart disease E-Book: A textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Ponikowski, P., Voors, A. A., Anker, S. D., Bueno, H., Cleland, J. G., Coats, A. J., … & van Veldhuisen, D. J. (2016). 2016 ESC Write My Essay Today: No1 Essay Writing Service AU for Your Academic Papers – Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. European heart journal, 37(27), 2129-2200.
Place an order in 3 easy steps. Takes less than 5 mins.
Each Student Wants High Quality and That’s Our Focus
An online hub of writing bishops' experts. We select the best qualified writers to join our team. These writers are recruited based on their college graduation grades, exceptional writing skills and ability to convey complex ideas in a clear manner. They each have expertise in specific topic fields and background in academic writing. This expertise enables them to provide well-researched and informative content that meets the highest standards.
In appreciation of the fact that our clients are majorly college and university students, we offer the lowest possible pricing while still providing the best writers. This approach ensures that our clients receive high-quality content and best coursework grades without breaking the bank. Our costs are fair and reasonable compared to other custom writing services in the market. As a result of maintaining the balance between affordability and quality, we have established ourselves as a reliable choice in the industry.
You will never receive a final paper that contains any plagiarism or AI use similarity index. Our team of professional writers and editors is dedicated to ensuring the originality of all content. We scan every final draft before releasing it to be delivered to a customer for submission in safeassign and turnitin. This rigorous process guarantees that the work meets the highest standards of academic integrity.