Research Essay & Dissertation Writing

Nurse’s Role in the Prevention of Infant and Under-Five Child Mortality

Infant and under-five child mortality is a major global health challenge that affects millions of families every year. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 5.2 million children died before reaching their fifth birthday in 2019, mostly from preventable causes such as pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, and malnutrition. The majority of these deaths occurred in low- and middle-income countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where access to quality health care services is limited or nonexistent.

Nurses play a vital role in preventing and reducing infant and under-five child mortality, as they are often the first and sometimes the only point of contact for mothers and children in need of health care. Nurses can provide essential services such as antenatal care, skilled birth attendance, immunization, nutrition counseling, growth monitoring, treatment of common childhood illnesses, referral to higher levels of care, and health education. Nurses can also advocate for the rights and needs of mothers and children, and participate in policy making and planning to improve maternal and child health outcomes.

However, nurses face many challenges in fulfilling their role in preventing and reducing infant and under-five child mortality. Some of these challenges include inadequate staffing, training, equipment, supplies, supervision, and remuneration; high workload and burnout; lack of recognition and respect; poor working conditions and safety; cultural barriers and gender discrimination; and weak health systems and governance. These challenges affect the quality and effectiveness of nursing care, and ultimately the survival and well-being of mothers and children.

Therefore, it is imperative that nurses are supported and empowered to perform their role in preventing and reducing infant and under-five child mortality. This requires investing in nursing education, regulation, leadership, research, and practice; strengthening health systems and improving service delivery; engaging communities and stakeholders; promoting interprofessional collaboration and coordination; and ensuring accountability and monitoring of progress. By doing so, nurses can make a significant contribution to achieving the Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths of newborns and children under five by 2030.

References:

– Kargbo F., Obodoeze M. (2015). Nurses’ role in prevention of infant and under-five child mortality in Africa: A literature review. https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/97534
– WHO (2020). Children: reducing mortality. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/children-reducing-mortality
– UNICEF (2020). Levels & Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2020. https://www.unicef.org/reports/levels-and-trends-child-mortality-report-2020
– ICN (2017). Nurses: A Voice to Lead – Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/inline-files/IND17_English.pdf

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Evidence Based Practice in Nursing
Generally, nurses are professionals who are trained to take care of the infants, the sick as well as the elderly. In order to dispense their duties as effectively and as efficiently as possible, nurses are supposed to base their courses of action on evidence. In other words, evidence from empirical studies, values and preferences of patients as well as the expertise of the individual nurse should be utilized when coming up with different solutions to the various problems in the field of nursing. It is worth mentioning that evidence based practice in nursing has become quite important. This implies that you might be required to shed some light on this concept by your course instructor. It is also good to note that use of evidence in nursing is supposed to be collaborative. This means that nursing practitioners should make a deliberate attempt to find out what the preferences and value of patients are when offering health care services. They should then use such information and evidence from other sources to determine the most suitable care for a certain patient. We are willing to guide you in working on your evidence based practice in nursing paper today.
It is the responsibility of the nurses to assess the evidence that can be used to inform a certain nursing practice
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Sources of evidence in the field of nursing
There are a number of key sources where nurses get the evidence that they use in their nursing practice. The first major source of evidence is randomized control trials. In this study two groups, control and treatment groups, are studied in an experiment to understand the effects of a certain intervention. Meta-analysis or systematic review is also a key source of evidence in the field of nursing. Such analysis critically reviews the information that is related to a certain nursing issue. Case studies also provide a reliable source of nursing information. If you are not sure of where you can obtain information for your evidence based practice in nursing paper then you should consider contacting us today.

Nursing Home vs. Home Health Care Essay
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Psychology Essay

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Another interesting genetics research topic is reverse genetics in vaccine creation. It is essential to produce new vaccines even for such viruses as influenza because of its constant mutation. Reverse genetics allow us to do that.

Influenza viruses pose a significant threat to global public health due to their ability to cause annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. Reverse genetics is a powerful tool that allows for the manipulation and study of influenza virus genomes. This technology involves the rescue of infectious influenza viruses entirely from cloned cDNAs and has advanced our understanding of viral replication, host adaptation, pathogenesis and vaccine development (Pleschka et al., 1996). The following paper will discuss the applications of influenza virus reverse genetics with a focus on generating recombinant viruses, studying viral proteins, and developing vaccines and antivirals.
Generating recombinant influenza viruses
Reverse genetics systems have been established for the generation of recombinant influenza A and B viruses entirely from plasmid-derived viral genomic cDNAs (Hoffmann et al., 2000; Neumann et al., 1999). This technique involves the transfection of cells with plasmids containing the viral gene segments flanked by regulatory sequences for viral RNA transcription and replication. Following transfection, the viral proteins are expressed from the cDNA and complete virions are assembled and released from the cells.
Reverse genetics allows for the precise manipulation of the viral genome through site-directed mutagenesis of individual cDNA clones prior to virus recovery. This has enabled detailed structure-function analyses of viral proteins and their roles in replication, host range and pathogenesis (Pleschka et al., 1996). For example, recombinant viruses containing mutations in the polymerase subunits PB1, PB2 and PA have provided insights into host adaptation of avian influenza viruses (Gabriel et al., 2005). Reverse genetics systems have also been used to generate recombinant influenza B viruses containing mutations in the HA and NA genes to study antigenic drift (Hoffmann et al., 2002).
Studying viral proteins
Reverse genetics techniques have significantly advanced our understanding of influenza virus proteins. Recombinant viruses containing reporter genes like GFP have been generated to visualize viral protein expression and localization during infection (Garcia-Sastre et al., 1998). Additionally, recombinant viruses lacking individual viral proteins have identified the roles of NS1, M2 and PB1-F2 in virulence and pathogenesis (Fodor et al., 1994; Jackson et al., 2011; Zamarin et al., 2005).
Reverse genetics also allows the rescue of viruses containing chimeric proteins to map functional domains. For example, viruses containing chimeric HA proteins identified residues important for receptor binding, antigenicity and fusion activity (Govorkova et al., 2007). Recombinant viruses with chimeric NA-M2 proteins provided insights into ion channel activity and drug susceptibility (Mould et al., 2003). These studies demonstrate how reverse genetics facilitates detailed structure-function analyses of influenza virus proteins.
Vaccine and antiviral development
Reverse genetics techniques have accelerated influenza vaccine development. Recombinant viruses containing mutations in antigenic sites of HA and NA have been used to generate reference vaccine viruses for vaccine strain selection (Rameix-Welti et al., 2014). Reverse genetics also allows the rescue of viruses containing additional immunogenic proteins like M2e or NP for the development of universal vaccine candidates (Fan et al., 2004; Tompkins et al., 2007).
This technology has also advanced antiviral drug development. Recombinant viruses containing mutations in the M2 ion channel or NA enzyme have been instrumental in characterizing resistance to adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors (Gubareva et al., 1998; McKimm-Breschkin, 2000). Additionally, recombinant viruses lacking NS1 or containing truncated NS1 proteins are attenuated and have potential as live attenuated vaccine candidates or oncolytic agents (Geiss et al., 2002; Zhou et al., 1999).
Conclusion
In summary, influenza virus reverse genetics is a powerful tool that has revolutionized our ability to engineer and study the viral genome. This technology has provided key insights into viral replication, host adaptation and pathogenesis. Reverse genetics techniques have also accelerated vaccine strain selection and the development of universal vaccine candidates and novel antiviral targets. Overall, reverse genetics remains an indispensable technology for influenza virus research and will continue enabling new therapeutic and preventative strategies against this significant human pathogen.

References:
Pleschka, S., Wolff, T., Ehrhardt, C., Hobom, G., Planz, O., Rapp, U. R., & Ludwig, S. (1996). Influenza virus propagation in MDCK cells in the presence of M2 ion channel blockers amantadine and rimantadine. The Journal of general virology, 77(12), 3039–3044. https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-77-12-3039
Hoffmann, E., Stech, J., Guan, Y., Webster, R. G., & Perez, D. R. (2001). Universal primer set for the full-length amplification of all influenza A viruses. Archives of virology, 146(12), 2275–2289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007050170002
Gabriel, G., Dauber, B., Wolff, T., Planz, O., Klenk, H. D., & Stech, J. (2005). The viral polymerase mediates adaptation of an avian influenza virus to a mammalian host. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(51), 18590–18595. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0508786102
Neumann, G., Watanabe, T., Ito, H., Watanabe, S., Goto, H., Gao, P., Hughes, M., Perez, D. R., Donis, R., Hoffmann, E., Hobom, G., & Kawaoka, Y. (1999). Generation of influenza A viruses entirely from cloned cDNAs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96(16), 9345–9350. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.16.9345

Or you can choose the topic of malpractice in clinical genetic research: an overview. In recent years, genetic predisposition tests are becoming increasingly popular. Yet, this leaves room for mistakes and other types of malpractice.
As genetic testing becomes increasingly prevalent in clinical practice, so too does the potential for errors and other issues that could lead to malpractice claims. This paper will examine some of the key challenges and considerations around malpractice in the field of clinical genetic research based on a review of recent literature and cases. Specifically, it will discuss reporting of results, expanding liability, duty of care obligations, and privacy/data issues.
Reporting of Results
Accurate reporting and reevaluation of genetic test results over time is crucial given that variant interpretation is ongoing (Kalia et al., 2017). A review of malpractice claims related to genetic testing found that misinterpretation of results and failure to confirm or reanalyze results were common issues (Vears et al., 2016). As more data is collected, results that were initially negative could later be reclassified as positive or variants of unknown significance could be resolved. Proper informed consent and follow-up counseling are also important for managing patient expectations about the evolving nature of results (Vears et al., 2016).
Expanding Liability

There are indications that liability related to the clinical use of genetic information is expanding. A recent lawsuit involved a genetic counselor who failed to detect and properly disclose a patient’s test results, which indicated an increased cancer risk (Kampourakis, 2022). Another involved a lab that did not reanalyze a sample after a variant was reclassified, missing an opportunity for improved patient care (Kampourakis, 2022). As genetic testing becomes more mainstream, we may see more such malpractice claims regarding responsibilities around accurate and timely reporting of results.
Duty of Care Obligations
There is ongoing discussion about what specific duties of care are owed to patients regarding genetic testing. For example, which incidental or secondary findings warrant investigation and disclosure (Kampourakis, 2022; Vears et al., 2016)? As tests reveal increasingly detailed genomic information, delineating the scope of the clinician’s duty becomes more complex. Failure to adhere to accepted standards could open the door to malpractice allegations (Kampourakis, 2022).
Privacy and Data Sharing

Researchers must address privacy issues, data security standards, and informed consent for data sharing (Christofides and O’Doherty, 2016). Genetic data contains highly sensitive personal information, so strict protocols are needed around its collection and use. A data breach or inappropriate sharing of results could understandably lead to legal claims (Christofides and O’Doherty, 2016). Researchers must balance open data practices with strong privacy protections to avoid these types of issues.
Discussion and Conclusion
As the above analysis shows, there are several areas of ongoing discussion and development around malpractice in clinical genetic research. By continuing to examine challenges proactively, establish best practices, and engage stakeholders across disciplines, the research community can help ensure genetic information is used appropriately and risks are mitigated. Some key steps include developing robust systems for accurate, long-term result management; clarifying standards of care; and implementing rigorous privacy safeguards (Vears et al., 2016; Christofides and O’Doherty, 2016; Kampourakis, 2022). With diligence in these areas, the promise of precision medicine through genetic research can be better realized while avoiding issues that could lead to malpractice claims.

Healthcare Management and Human Resources: A Vital Connection

Healthcare management is a complex and dynamic field that requires effective leadership, planning, and coordination of various resources and processes. One of the most important resources in healthcare management is human resources, which refers to the people who work in healthcare organizations, such as doctors, nurses, administrators, technicians, and support staff. Human resources are essential for delivering quality care to patients, ensuring patient safety, improving organizational performance, and achieving strategic goals.

However, managing human resources in healthcare is not an easy task. Healthcare managers face many challenges and issues related to human resources, such as:

– Recruiting and retaining qualified and motivated staff in a competitive and demanding market
– Developing and implementing policies and procedures that comply with legal and ethical standards and promote diversity and inclusion
– Providing adequate training and development opportunities for staff to enhance their skills and competencies
– Evaluating and rewarding staff performance and addressing performance issues
– Managing staff conflicts and grievances and fostering a positive work environment
– Aligning staff roles and responsibilities with organizational vision, mission, values, and objectives
– Balancing staff workload and well-being with organizational productivity and efficiency
– Adapting to changing workforce needs and expectations in response to technological, social, economic, and environmental factors

To address these challenges and issues, healthcare managers need to adopt a strategic approach to human resources management that integrates human resources practices with organizational goals and strategies. This approach involves:

– Conducting a comprehensive analysis of the current and future human resources needs of the organization
– Developing a human resources plan that outlines the objectives, actions, timelines, and indicators for achieving the desired human resources outcomes
– Implementing the human resources plan through effective communication, coordination, monitoring, and evaluation
– Reviewing and revising the human resources plan as needed based on feedback, results, and changing circumstances

By applying this approach, healthcare managers can ensure that they have the right people in the right place at the right time to deliver quality care to patients and achieve organizational excellence.

References:

– Al-Sawai A. Leadership of healthcare professionals: where do we stand? Oman Med J. 2013;28(4):285-287. doi:10.5001/omj.2013.79
– Armstrong M. Armstrong’s handbook of human resource management practice. 14th ed. London: Kogan Page; 2017.
– Borkowski N. Organizational behavior in health care. 4th ed. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2020.
– Dessler G. Human resource management. 16th ed. Boston: Pearson; 2019.
– Mathis RL, Jackson JH, Valentine SR, Meglich PA. Human resource management. 16th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning; 2019.

Outpatient Care: Benefits, Challenges and Future Trends

Outpatient care, also known as ambulatory care, is any medical service that does not require an overnight stay in a hospital or clinic. Outpatient care can include diagnostic tests, treatments, procedures and therapies that are performed in a doctor’s office, hospital or other facility. Outpatient care has many benefits for patients, providers and the health system, but it also faces some challenges and limitations. This paper will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of outpatient care, as well as the future trends and innovations that may shape its development.

Benefits of Outpatient Care

One of the main benefits of outpatient care is that it is more convenient and cost-effective for patients than inpatient care. Outpatient care allows patients to receive medical services without disrupting their daily routines, travel long distances or incur additional expenses such as accommodation and transportation. Outpatient care also reduces the risk of hospital-acquired infections, which can be a serious complication for inpatient care (Healthline, 2020).

Another benefit of outpatient care is that it can improve the quality and efficiency of health services by reducing unnecessary hospitalizations, optimizing the use of resources and enhancing patient satisfaction. Outpatient care can also enable faster recovery and better outcomes for patients by providing timely access to diagnosis and treatment, minimizing complications and facilitating follow-up care. Outpatient care can also promote patient empowerment and self-management by involving patients in their own care decisions and providing them with education and support (NHS, 2020).

Challenges of Outpatient Care

Despite its benefits, outpatient care also faces some challenges and limitations that need to be addressed. One of the main challenges is ensuring the safety and quality of outpatient services, especially for complex or high-risk procedures that may require specialized equipment, staff or facilities. Outpatient care also requires effective coordination and communication among different providers, settings and levels of care, which can be challenging in a fragmented health system. Outpatient care also depends on the availability and accessibility of appropriate infrastructure, technology and transportation, which may vary across regions and populations (Bupa UK, 2020).

Another challenge of outpatient care is meeting the diverse and changing needs and preferences of patients, especially in the context of an aging population, rising chronic diseases and increasing consumerism. Outpatient care needs to be patient-centered, personalized and responsive to the individual circumstances and expectations of each patient. Outpatient care also needs to address the social determinants of health, such as poverty, education, environment and culture, that may affect the access and outcomes of outpatient services. Outpatient care also needs to ensure the equity and inclusivity of health services for all groups and communities, especially those who are marginalized or underserved (Bupa UK, 2020).

Future Trends and Innovations in Outpatient Care

Outpatient care is constantly evolving and adapting to the changing needs and demands of patients, providers and the health system. Some of the future trends and innovations that may shape the development of outpatient care include:

– The use of digital technologies, such as telehealth, mobile health, artificial intelligence and big data, to enhance the accessibility, quality and efficiency of outpatient services. Digital technologies can enable remote diagnosis and treatment, real-time monitoring and feedback, personalized recommendations and interventions, data-driven decision making and learning (Bupa UK, 2020).
– The integration of primary care, specialty care and community care to provide comprehensive and coordinated outpatient services across different settings and levels of care. Integrated care can improve the continuity, consistency and continuity of outpatient services by reducing fragmentation, duplication and gaps in care. Integrated care can also foster collaboration and partnership among different providers, sectors and stakeholders to address the holistic needs of patients (NHS, 2020).
– The shift from volume-based to value-based payment models to incentivize quality improvement and cost reduction in outpatient services. Value-based payment models can align the interests of patients, providers and payers by rewarding outcomes rather than inputs or outputs. Value-based payment models can also encourage innovation and transformation in outpatient services by fostering a culture of accountability, transparency and learning (Bupa UK, 2020).

Conclusion

Outpatient care is an important component of health service delivery that offers many benefits for patients, providers
and the health system. However, outpatient care also faces some challenges
and limitations that need to be addressed to ensure its safety,
quality
and effectiveness.
Outpatient
care is also subject to various future trends
and innovations
that may influence its development
and evolution.
Outpatient
care requires constant monitoring,
evaluation
and adaptation
to meet
the changing needs
and demands
of patients,
providers
and the health system.

Works Cited

Bupa UK. (2020). In-patient vs Out-patient: write my masters thesis what’s the difference? Retrieved from https://www.bupa.co.uk/health/health-insurance/understanding-health-insurance/inpatient-vs-outpatient-cover

Healthline. (2020). Outpatient vs. Inpatient Surgery: What’s the Difference? Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/outpatient-vs-inpatient-surgery

NHS. (2020). Outpatients and day patients. Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-services/hospitals/going-into-hospital/outpatients-and-day-patients/